To Trinity and Beyond (chapter three: The Watchmen)

Previously:

Chapter one: The World Set Free

Chapter two: Szilardeinstein's Monster

- How Superman would end the war
Look magazine, February 17, 1940

Hardly a week passes without some dark, sinister event marking the downward movement of Europe, or revealing the intense pressures at work beneath its surface. The Spanish horror broadens and deepens as the days pass. A sense of indefinable uneasiness, alike about external and internal affairs, broods over France. Hitler decrees the doubling in numbers and quality of the German army. Mussolini boasts that he has armed 8,000,000 Italians. The smaller States reflect these fears and preparations in strange and local variants. Everywhere the manufacture of munitions proceeds apace, and science burrows its insulted head in the filth of slaughterhouse inventions. Only unarmed, unthinking Britain nurses the illusion of security.

What is the meaning and effect in this oppressive scene of the Moscow executions? The modern world is becoming very familiar with the spectacle, aforetime deemed atrocious, of the shooting of political opponents. It has become almost an everyday occurrence to read of public men in powerful, historic countries being set against the wall by scores and dozens to face the firing squads. Certainly if ever human tears were rightly lacking upon such occasions, it would be at the fate of the Bolshevist Old Guard. Here are the fathers of the Russian Communist revolution; the architects of the logical Utopia to which, we are assured, the whole world will one day conform; the pioneers of progress to the Left; men whose names and crimes are bywords throughout the world - all put to death by their comrade Stalin, the General Secretary of their party.

Did I say all? - well, all but one. Trotsky still survives...

- Churchill, "Enemies to the Left," Evening Standard, 4 September 1936
(Reprinted in Step By Step)

The signing in Moscow's Kremlin on the night of August 23-24 of the Nazi-Communist "Non-Aggression" Pact was a diplomatic demarche literally world-shattering.

1939: A beady-eyed red

"Few foreigners have met Stalin," Time reported, "none has come to know him well... "When are you going to stop killing people?" asked the impertinent Lady Astor. "When it is no longer necessary," answered Comrade Stalin."

The actual signers were German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Soviet Premier-Foreign Commissar Molotov, but Comrade Stalin was there in person to give it his smiling benediction, and no one doubted that it was primarily his doing. By it Germany broke through British-French "encirclement," freed herself from the necessity of fighting on two fronts at the same time. Without the Russian pact, German generals would certainly have been loath to go into military action. With it, World War II began.
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But if, in the jungle that is Europe today, the Man of 1939 gained large slices of territory out of his big deal, he also paid a big price for it. By the one stroke of sanctioning a Nazi war and by the later strokes of becoming a partner of Adolf Hitler in aggression, Joseph Stalin threw out of the window Soviet Russia's meticulously fostered reputation of a peace- loving, treaty-abiding nation. By the ruthless attack on Finland, he not only sacrificed the good will of thousands of people the world over sympathetic to the ideals of Socialism, he matched himself with Adolf Hitler as the world's most hated man.

-Time magazine on Joe Stalin, their Man of the Year for 1939

World War II broke out in September 1939... The USSR-Germany Non Aggression Pact, signed on August 23, 1939, provided for the annexing of Bessarabia by the Soviet Union. However Stalin delayed doing so, as Rumania had an alliance with France. Stalin's hand was freed by the defeat of France by the Nazis in May and June 1940.

Euphrosinia's estate was not far from the city of Soroca. On June 28, 1940 the Russian Army reached the city after crossing the Dniester River from the Ukraine. From there they went on to occupy the whole territory of Bessarabia, which on the 2nd. August became part of the Moldovian Soviet Socialist Republic.

A wave of arrests and repression began immediately...

"Listen to me carefully, girl! I will give a good piece of advice for your good deed, avoid high roads and villages. The NKVD officers are ten a penny there! They are not in the mood to go to the war and they seize everyone to show they are necessary well to the rear! Go at night. It is quieter. And at dawn, as soon as you see a turn dusted with hay or straw go there. There you sleep your fill."

- Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya, 'How Much is a Person Worth?, 1964

   Los Alamos ID photo    for Klaus Fuchs

Soviet intelligence had thoroughly penetrated the Manhattan Project... One of the two spies at Los Alamos, Klaus Fuchs, who had fled to England from Hitler's Germany in the 1930s, is well known, because he confessed in 1950 after U.S. military code breakers had cracked enough of the Soviet wartime espionage cable traffic to lay suspicion on him. By then he was chief scientist at Britain's top secret Harwell nuclear center. He was tried and sentenced to fourteen years in prison, the maximum allowable under British law because the Soviet Union was an ally at the time of his spying. He was released after nine to spend the rest of his years, until his death in 1988, doing research unrelated to weaponry at a nuclear institute in East Germany...

In the case of Fuchs, a simple background check would have disclosed his communist connections and the peril of placing him in such a sensitive position at Los Alamos. He had entered the Party while a student at the University of Kiel in the early 1930s and openly participated in leading student strikes and other Communist resistance activities against the Nazis until Hitler came to power in 1933. He then had to flee to England via Paris to escape arrest. The family that sponsored him in Bristol had Communist affiliations and so did the professor at Bristol University, a theoretical physicist named Nevill Mott, who gave him an assistantship there. In England, he had also joined a Communist front organization, the Bristol branch of the Society for Cultural Relations with the Soviet Union. When the society staged dramatic readings of the purge trials Stalin was conducting in Moscow to liquidate most of the original Bolshevik leaders on spurious charges, Fuchs would take the part of the prosecutor, the notorious Andrei Vyshinsky... As soon as the British put him to work on preliminary atomic bomb research in Birmingham in 1941, he contacted the Soviet embassy in London and volunteered to spy, turning over copies of all his research reports.

- Neil Sheehan, A Fiery Peace in a Cold War, 2009

[Many people were] sickened at the elaborate farce of their trial... A few points are vividly illuminated. First, the abnormal behavior of the accused. They all avow their guilt. They descant upon the enormity of their crimes. They applaud the justice of their punishment. Each in his turn recites the words put in his mouth by processes we cannot pretend to define. Evidently in this grisly charade each has been well coached on his part... The odd thing is that such an exhibition should be expected to make a good impression outside Russia...

The second point to notice is that those victims were nearly all Jews. Evidently the Nationalist elements represented by Stalin and the Soviet armies are developing the same prejudices against the Chosen People as are so painfully evident in Germany...

- Churchill, "Enemies to the Left"

King Hunger! The cruelest king of communism...

In autumn the owners register their dogs and they become eligible to get a food ration which is three times more than a child's one.

The hunters had eaten their dogs immediately after getting the "dogs' rations" (4 kilograms of rancid oats for a month), and it was possible to find plenty of dog bones, boiled down but still edible.

I beat those bones small and ate them...

Plumes of smoke whirl here and there. Here flame sparked looking dim in the sun shine... It dawns on me at last, those malnourished, exhausted by hunger kids are burning the crop.

I heard out a lot of explanations but haven't found any justification. ...They most often said, only hunger forces people to work. This is not just stupid, it is criminal. Unfortunately that is what was declared to be fundamental truth!

In response to my request to sell something edible they told that their son had been arrested in 1937, their grandson was in the prison camp and they sent him everything, having only wasty crumbs mixed with garbage. It was worse that the main of those additions were dried and finely chopped cockroaches. Hunger is a merciless dictator and works its will upon. I hoped I would manage to separate crumbs from cockroaches, but alas... I could neither air-separate them in the wind nor wash them away with water. So I had to subdue my disgust and repulsion and consume it all. As a result for a couple of days I wasn't starving...

Men discharged the wastes of the hospital kitchen into the crap-house drain and as soon as they left the crowd of perchers until then making a point like hunting dogs dashed to the drain. They pushed each other off, shoveled fish floats and scale with their hands and greedily consumed. The final of that scene stuck in my memory. Professor Kolchanov is on all fours on low stumbled grass he is vomiting with his whole body shaking... After the vomit spasm is over, he rakes the casting from the ground and consumes it again... "Aha! So you have seen the cream of our intelligentsia!" Poroshin said scoffingly when I told this at work.

- Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya,
'How Much is a Person Worth?, 1964

The USSR is the most inclusive and equalized democracy in the world... [Stalin has nothing like] the autocratic power of the President of the U.S.A., who not only selects his Cabinet, subject merely to approval by a simple majority of the Senate, but is also Commander-in-Chief of the American armed forces...

...is it right to suggest that Soviet Communism is a new civilization which will, in spite of the crudities and cruelties inherent in violent revolution and fear of foreign aggression, result in maximizing the wealth of the nation and distributing it among all the inhabitants on the principle of from each man according to his faculty and to each man according to his need?" ... in the U.S.S.R. the principle of socialism is realized: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his work." Once this principle has been acted on the human race can progress to the higher level of communism: "from each according to his faculty and to each according to his need."

- Sidney and Beatrice Webb, The Truth About Soviet Russia, 1942

As to the unquestionably repressive nature of the regime, Mrs Eardley-Wheatsheaf thought that visitors from more civilized countries ought to keep their heads and to see things in proportion. It was true, as she explained at many subsequent lectures, pursing her lips tightly, perhaps a little venomously, that Soviet officials sometimes disappeared (she accentuated the word "disappeared" to give it its full significance); and naturally she deplored such goings-on, just as she deplored the press censorship and the suppression of all opposition opinion. At the same time she had to admit that, given the peculiar conditions prevailing in Russia, administrative disappearances carried with them certain advantages which she for one was not going to overlook.

- Malcolm Muggeridge, Winter in Moscow, 1934

The year 1942 was a year of blood and strength. The man whose name means steel in Russian, whose few words of English include the American expression "tough guy" was the man of 1942.

1942: Uncle Joe

"Joseph Stalin (pronounced Stal-yn) ... worked at his desk 16 to 18 hours a day ... There were new streaks of grey in his hair and new etchings of fatigue in his granite face..."

Within Russia's immense disorderliness, Stalin faced the fundamental problems of providing enough food for the people and improving their lot, through 20th-Century industrial methods. He collectivized the farms and he built Russia into one of the four great industrial powers on earth. How well he succeeded was evident in Russia's world-surprising strength in World War II. Stalin's methods were tough, but they paid off.

The U.S., of all nations, should have been the first to understand Russia. Ignorance of Russia and suspicion of Stalin were two things that prevented it... As Allies fighting the common enemy, the Russians have fought the best fight so far...

-Time magazine on Joe Stalin, their Man of the Year for 1942

"...For quite a decade past I have believed that the existing Russian régime is a mainly evil thing, and I claim the right to say so, in spite of the fact that we are allies with the USSR in a war which I want to see won...."

It is important to realise that the current Russomania is only a symptom of the general weakening of the western liberal tradition. Had the MOI chipped in and definitely vetoed the publication of [Animal Farm], the bulk of the English intelligentsia would have seen nothing disquieting in this. Uncritical loyalty to the USSR happens to be the current orthodoxy, and where the supposed interests of the USSR are involved they are willing to tolerate not only censorship but the deliberate falsification of history. To name one instance - at the death of John Reed, the author of Ten Days that Shook the World -- the first-hand account of the early days of the Russian Revolution -- the copyright of the book passed into the hands of the British Communist Party, to whom I believe Reed had bequeathed it. Some years later the British Communists, having destroyed the original edition of the book as completely as they could, issued a garbled version from which they had eliminated mentions of Trotsky and also omitted the introduction written by Lenin. If a radical intelligentsia had still existed in Britain, this act of forgery would have been exposed and denounced in every literary paper in the country. As it was there was little or no protest. To many English intellectuals it seemed quite a natural thing to do. And this tolerance of plain dishonesty means much more than that admiration for Russia happens to be fashionable at this moment...

- George Orwell, The Freedom of the Press (an unpublished preface to Animal Farm), 1945

      ...there was no impediment to Hall obtaining explanations for everything he observed. As a physicist, and thus a member of the scientific staff at Los Alamos, he had been issued a white identity badge the day he arrived. "White badgers" were cleared to read all of the laboratory's secret technical reports and attend all the weekly colloquia Robert Oppenheimer organized to discuss ongoing work...

   Los Alamos ID photo    for "Theordore" Hall

If Fuch's entry into the inner circle at Los Alamos reflected a hardening of the arteries in British counterintelligence, Theodore Hall's entrance reflected the incompetence of its American counterpart... His original name was Theodore Alvin Holtzberg, born on October 20, 1925, to a Russian Jewish family on Long Island...

Left-wing radicalism was common among Russian Jews in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries because of the ferociously anti-Semitic policies of Czar Alexander III, a fanatic reactionary who ruled from 1881 to 1894. With the demise of czarism, Fascism became the opposite pole in this ideological universe after its rise, first in Italy under Benito Mussolini, and then with genuine menace under Adolf Hitler in the 1930s in Germany.

...In Spain the forces of darkness, in the person of General Francisco Franco and his backers, the German and Italian dictators, crushed the life out of the Spanish republic. At home the capitalist system in which Americans had put their faith appeared profoundly flawed... Extreme times breed a willingness in some to accept extreme solutions. Ted Hall was one of those people. Despite his high intelligence and his gift for mathematics and science, he was also naive enough and ignorant enough not to understand the barbarous nature of Stalin's regime...

- Sheehan, A Fiery Peace in a Cold War, 2009

...Cleve Cartmill, a competent writer of middling abilities, published a story describing the workings of the atomic bomb in a 1944 issue of John Campbell's magazine Astounding Science Fiction, fourteen months before the first successful atomic explosion at the Alamogordo testing grounds, thus causing a Federal security agency to investigate both Cartmill and Campbell to see if there had been a leak of top-secret military information...

Someone in Washington happened to read the March, 1944 Astounding. And then the fun began.

On March 8th Arthur Riley, an investigator from the Counter-Intelligence Corps of what was then called the War Department, turned up at Campbell's office and demanded to know the source of the information used in the Cartmill "article." The copy of the agent's report, dated April 13, has Campbell's name carefully whited out, but says that "the editor of this magazine assumed full responsibility for whatever technical disclosures appeared therein..." Campbell asserted, Riley said, that "the subject of Atomic Disintegration was not novel to him, since he had pursued a course in atomic physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1933."

But that wasn't enough to allay the agent's suspicions... in any case, he added, "in the opinion of informed persons the story contains more than just an academic course in atomic physics..."

Campbell provided the Military Intelligence man with Cartmill's address - in Manhattan Beach, California. The link to the top-secret Manhattan Project based in Los Alamos was too obvious to overlook. Riley sent word to the California branch office of Intelligence that Cartmill should be placed under immediate surveillance...

- Robert Silverberg, Reflections: The Cleve Cartmill Affair: One, 2003

When Ted Hall, the sixteen-year-old prodigy, transferred from Queens College to Harvard as a junior in the fall of 1942, of the 3,494 undergraduates at the university, only about a dozen were members of the John Reed Society, the Communist organization on campus. (Reed, a 1910 Harvard graduate, was the grandson of an Oregon capitalist who made a fortune manufacturing pig iron. He turned radical journalist and wrote an inspired eyewitness account of the Bolshevik Revolution, Ten Days That Shook the World. He died during a typhus epidemic in Russia in 1920 and was buried in the Kremlin wall.) Hall was by chance assigned a room with its chairman and another member and he soon joined. After he and they subsequently moved elsewhere and parted, Hall acquired two new roomates, one of whom was Saville "Savy" Sax, whose Russian Jewish parents had been firm supporters of the Bolshevik Revolution and had passed their Communist convictions on to their son. Although Sax was a literay type with no interest in science, ... their shared politics soon made them comrades. When Hall was recruited during his senior year for war work so secret that the recruiter told Hall he could not tell him what it was ahead of time, Sax suggested that if the project turned out to be some superweapon, Hall ought to let the Russians in on it...

[Hall arrived at Los Alamos] on January 27, 1944, seven months ahead of Fuchs. Again, as with Fuchs, a simple background investigation would have kept him out. But while the Army Counter Intelligence Corps division charged with protecting the security of the Manhattan Project, under the command of Colonel John Lansdale, Jr., strictly controlled entry and exit through the two gates in the fence on either side of the complex, and had agents planted undercover in hotels and bars in Santa Fe and other communities in the area, it did not bother to conduct background checks on inconspicuous types like Hall and many others it allowed inside those gates.

Within less than six months Hall was at the center of research to perfect the implosion method for the plutonium bomb...

- Sheehan, A Fiery Peace in a Cold War, 2009

 

The investigation now turned to the unfortunate Mr. Cartmill...

Military Intelligence began by pressing Cartmill's letter-carrier into service as a secret agent... The chief of police of Cartmill's home town reported that Cartmill had no police record. The FBI had no dossier for him either.
 

Special Agent R.S. Killough now visited Cartmill himself, using a pretext unlikely to arouse suspicion in Cartmill that he was under investigation. In a report dated March 16, Killough described Cartmill as "well educated and nicely dressed," and willing to talk freely about all aspects of his writing career... Killough felt that Cartmill was intelligent enough to have invented the "Deadline" scenario out of existing non-classified materials-especially when Cartmill revealed that in 1927 he had worked for the American Radium Products Company, a job requiring him to study the properties of radioactive elements in detail. The New York Intelligence office still was troubled by the case... The April 11, 1944, Intelligence report on Cartmill also said, darkly but without explanation, "It is also revealed that Cartmill has been receiving letters from Seattle, Washington." Early in May, therefore, Killough went back to Cartmill for a specific discussion of "Deadline."

- Robert Silverberg, Reflections: The Cleve Cartmill Affair: Two, 2003

In [October] 1944 Hall was given leave and returned to his home in New York, where he saw his friend and fellow YCL member Saville Sax. When Hall explained his new job, Sax convinced him to provide the Soviet Union with the developments at Los Alamos.

But neither of them knew how to contact Soviet intelligence... Sax's mother, a member of the Communist Party, was active in Russian War Relief, as was Nicholas Napoli, the president of Artkino Pictures, Inc., which distributed Soviet films in the United States. So Hall and Sax contacted Napoli, who was a good choice - he was a Communist Party member and was himself involved in Soviet espionage.

Sax told his story to Napoli and was sent to Sergei Kournikoff, the military correspondent of the Daily Worker, also a Soviet intelligence agent...

Hall and Sax gave Kournikoff a report on Los Alamos and a list of the key personnel working on the atom bomb project...

- Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, The Venona Secrets, Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors, 2001

Hall and his friend Saville Sax roamed New York City in October 1944, during Hall's leave period from Los Alamos, seeking a contact with Soviet intelligence to convey the data that the physicist had taken from his laboratory. Their information included a valuable list of American and British scientists then working on the atomic project. They managed to make contact with not one but two Soviet operatives, an undercover journalist and a Soviet scientist-consular official...

Also at this "brief encounter," according to a report that Kurnakov wrote the next month and that emerged during my research in the KGB records, Hall also "proposed organizing meetings, if needed, to inform [us] about the progress of . . . practical experiments on explosion [sic] and its control, the [bomb] shell's construction, etc. . . ."

Kurnakov was fascinated but still cautious, possibly fearing that this off-the-street agent might have been planted by the FBI, so he asked Hall: "Do you understand what you are doing? Why do you think it is necessary to disclose U.S. secrets for the sake of the Soviet Union?" Hall responded: "There is no country except for the Soviet Union which could be entrusted with such a terrible thing."

- Allen Weinstein, Bombshell (book review) Los Angeles Times, September, 1997

Armed guards... Wolfhounds drilled on people... All of that to bring a dozen of half-dead perchers to work. It's for sure, the most inefficient labour is the labour of slaves especially when the slave owner is a state. It is not interested in keeping the slaves employable or even alive.

...Both her sons Peter,a tractor driver and Jacob, a teacher, were wounded at war, Peter was wounded into the chest. From hospital he was sent home and died there. Jacob who was wounded in the knee returned home where he was arrested for defeatism. The mother left home her daughters Kete and Milly, 12 and13 years old, collected a pogey from the last crumbs and carried it to Slavgorod. After finding out that he had been already sent away by prison transport she gave the pogey to a soldier and said, "My son is also a soldier. And you have a mother too. Eat this with your mates to his health!" Anna Heintz was then arrested for insinuating that soldiers are hungry...

For some reason I didn't notice exactly when they brought Loginova to the cell. ...something in her eyes betrayed deep-seated black grief... Here is her story.

"My man hasn't returned from the German War. I lived with my son. It was he, poor fellow, whom they drove away at night... Near the end of Advent an old beggar with a bundle knocked on my door. I looked at her and collapsed in a heap... My daughter-in-law dragged herself home from the exile. With a little kid, daughter Nadya ...the daughter-in-law didn't live to see the spring, died after St.Epiphany. I was left with granddaughter Nadyusha.

"...Soon I received a warrant to deliver eggs and wool. I always paid everything. Bought and delivered. Starved, did my utmost. But there was nothing more to take from home for sale and I couldn't pay that delivery, wool and eggs. Tears didn't work, they didn't have pity on the kid too... So they charged me with sabotage, article 58-14, and here I am. That's better! Nothing to grieve at, they sent Nadyusha to an orphanage and me to prison. Here they give a piece of bread every day, 350 gram. And hot water. At home I've not seen bread for a long time! And Nadyusha will get some bread. Let it be bitter but daily. It's better... For her and for me. The only pain is to think she'll never know tenderness. And at first she will forget and then grow to hate her father, mother and me, the old gran. They'll teach her, my own blood, to lionize Stalin and hate her family. It's eating like worms at me..."

- Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya,
'How Much is a Person Worth?, 1964

The two youths were not yet sure they had made the proper contact. In fact, they had, but they continued their search. The next day, Sax went to the Soviet consulate, where he met a Soviet vice consul, Anatoli Yatzkov. Sax gave him a second copy of Hall's report. Yatzkov took over the case, bypassing Kournikoff.

The job of checking out the bona fides of the two young new agents was given to Bernie Chester, the Communist Party USA's liaison with the NKVD, who was also ordered to check out Bluma Sax, Saville's mother...

- Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel,
The Venona Secrets, Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors, 2001

Hall was also drafted into the Army while at Los Alamos, but given his scientific talent he was immediately offered a commission. He accepted and swore the oath of true faith and allegiance to the United States required of all officers. He then returned to Los Alamos and proceeded to break his oath.

- John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press, 1999

Sax offered to act as the courier who would travel to New Mexico by bus and train to pick up Hall's reports. Because the mail to and from Los Alamos was censored, the two young men resorted to using Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass for Hall to signal the date, time, and place of the rendezvous. Whitman numbered each of his poems, so it was not difficult for them to set up a book code, one of the oldest forms of encryption. To make certain no one would overhear them, they rented rowboats on the lake in Central Park for discussions to settle these and other important details.

Hall's motive for committing treason was simple. He believed that his duty did not end with being a good physicist, that he also had an obligation to humanity. His Marxist ideas led him to think that the United States might tumble into another depression after the wartime stimulus to the economy ended with the defeat of Germany and Japan. The social and economic turmoil set off by a renewed economic collapse could bring the triumph of Fascism to America, as it had in Germany. If that happened and a Third World War broke out while the United States still had a monopoly on the bomb, Washington would use it to devastate the Soviet Union...

- Neil Sheehan, A Fiery Peace in a Cold War, 2009

...Killough went back to Cartmill for a specific discussion of "Deadline."

This time Cartmill admitted that Campbell had indeed helped him with the scientific background of the story, saying that he had claimed sole responsibility earlier "because of his own pride and prestige"- "he would not admit to the general public that he had extracted, word for word, information conveyed by another person." But he also repeated an earlier assertion that "almost anyone who had read a physics textbook would have the facts available." It was Agent Killough's conclusion that Cartmill "was honest, sincere, and reliable. He made every effort to be cooperative and did not at any time give any impression of evasiveness or reluctance."

And here the great spy quest began to fizzle out.

It was clear by now that Campbell's Astounding had been publishing stories about atomic energy since 1940, beginning with Heinlein's "Blowups Happen," all of them based on widely available material. "Deadline" was just the latest such story. No security leak was involved.
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Lt. Col. Lansdale asked Jack Lockhart of the Office of Censorship to handle the "Deadline" situation. Lockhart, as he told Lansdale on May 15, "spent an unpleasant half hour reading this story which relates the experience of a tailed individual named Ybor on the planet Cathor." He made little sense out of it, but he could see that its "pseudo-scientific discussions" verged on forbidden territory and something needed to be done. To his credit, this sort of censorship made him uncomfortable: "We have always been reluctant to interfere with fictional material because of the impossibility of fettering the mind of man," he said. But, "as much as I tremble over venturing into this field," he got in touch with Campbell and asked him not to publish "additional material relating to subjects involved in our special request of June 28, 1943."

- Robert Silverberg, Reflections: The Cleve Cartmill Affair: One, 2003

Chapter four -